Which ethical principles guide decisions when the benefit of a treatment is uncertain, and harm minimization is needed?

Which ethical principles guide decisions when the benefit of a treatment is uncertain, and harm minimization is needed?

• A. Only beneficence; ignore harm.
• B. Paternalistic override.
• C. Beneficence and nonmaleficence with justice and shared decision-making; escalate only if beneficial.
• D. Do nothing.

Answer: (C)